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Objective: To evaluate acute oral toxicity and anti-arthritic activity of the methanolic extract of Convolvulus arvensis L. leaves. Methods: Safety was assessed by acute oral toxicity (OECD 425) study. Anti-arthritic activity was explored by in vitro (inhibition of protein denaturation) and in vivo (Complete Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis and carrageenan-induced inflammation) methods. Antioxidant potential was determined by assessing ferric reducing power, DPPH inhibition, and H
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OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate in vivo antioxidant activity of latex and leaves methanol extract of Euphorbia helioscopia using mice as experimental animals.@*METHODS@#The plant was collected, identified, dried under shade, ground to fine powder and extraction was done. Latex was collected in dried bottles by cutting the stem. Oxidative stress was induced in mice with acute toxic dose of paracetamol administered intrperitoneally. Latex and leaves methanol extract (600 and 1 200 mg/kg) orally, once a day, were given to mice for two weeks. Then oxidative stress biomarkers were measured in tissue homogenates and serum.@*RESULTS@#Leaves methanol extract exhibited prominent in vivo antioxidant effect as compared to latex. Results showed significant rise in antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione) levels at 1 200 mg/kg dose of extract. Thus, extract helped to detoxify the free radicles by increasing antioxidant enzymes levels. Malondialdehyde value decreased significantly with extract (1 200 mg/kg) which was indicator of extract's power to inhibit the generation of free radicals. Extract (1 200 mg/kg) exhibited maximum cure against stress induced changes in liver, kidney, lipid profile parameters and complete blood count.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Leaves methanol extract of Euphorbia helioscopia raised antioxidant enzymes levels in mice. It showed hepatorenal-curative effect, hypolipidemic effect and hemostasis potential. Thus, it can help the biological systems to fight against stress induced pathological conditions.
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Objective: To evaluate in vivo antioxidant activity of latex and leaves methanol extract of Euphorbia helioscopia using mice as experimental animals. Methods: The plant was collected, identified, dried under shade, ground to fine powder and extraction was done. Latex was collected in dried bottles by cutting the stem. Oxidative stress was induced in mice with acute toxic dose of paracetamol administered intrperitoneally. Latex and leaves methanol extract (600 and 1 200 mg/kg) orally, once a day, were given to mice for two weeks. Then oxidative stress biomarkers were measured in tissue homogenates and serum. Results: Leaves methanol extract exhibited prominent in vivo antioxidant effect as compared to latex. Results showed significant rise in antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione) levels at 1 200 mg/kg dose of extract. Thus, extract helped to detoxify the free radicles by increasing antioxidant enzymes levels. Malondialdehyde value decreased significantly with extract (1 200 mg/kg) which was indicator of extract's power to inhibit the generation of free radicals. Extract (1 200 mg/kg) exhibited maximum cure against stress induced changes in liver, kidney, lipid profile parameters and complete blood count. Conclusions: Leaves methanol extract of Euphorbia helioscopia raised antioxidant enzymes levels in mice. It showed hepatorenal-curative effect, hypolipidemic effect and hemostasis potential. Thus, it can help the biological systems to fight against stress induced pathological conditions.
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The present study aimed to standardize the crude drug from "Euphorbia helioscopia" by doing qualitative and quantitative analysis of different pulverized plant parts and extracts. Physicochemical analysis [determination of moisture contents, total ash, water insoluble ash, sulphated ash, acid insoluble ash, and water and alcohol extractives] was done on powdered raw materials [stem and leaves]. The moisture contents and the ash value were found within the normal recommended range [moisture contents 6% and ash value 20%]. The value of water-soluble extracts was higher as compared to alcohol soluble extractives. Percentage yield was highest in methanol solvent. The phytochemical analysis i.e. total lipids, total proteins and carbohydrates of crude powder showed that lipids and proteins contents were high [2.4% and 0.91% respectively] in pulverized stem while carbohydrate contents were high [78.27%] in pulverized leaves. Qualitative analysis by FTIR fingerprints and UV-scanning showed that stem and leaves of the plant contained the same constituents because their spectra are super-imposable. Aqueous-, ethanol-, petroleum ether-, chloroform- and methanol extracts were used in the study. Quantitative analysis was done by calculating the primary and secondary metabolites [total proteins, total glycosaponins, total alkaloids, total flavonoids, and total polyphenolics] in all the extracts using suitable markers. Chloroform gave very less percentage yield and nil primary metabolites so it was eliminated from secondary metabolites estimation. The maximum value of total proteins, total glycosaponins, total alkaloids, total flavonoids and total polyphenolics were found in the leaves methanol [36.56%], stem methanol [34%], stem ethanol [41.84%], leaves methanol [108.96%], and leaves petroleum ether [7.22%] respectively. Different pharmacological activities of the plants are due to their flavonoid contents. It is concluded that methanol is the best solvent for extraction. Any arial part of the plant can be used in pharmacological evaluations prior to pre-clinical and clinical studies because leaves and stem had superimposable spectra in FTIR and UV-scanning.
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Chemical Phenomena , Phytochemicals , Plant ExtractsABSTRACT
Gentamicin induces nephrotoxicity, hence the present study explores protective and curative effects of alpha-lipoic acid and selenium alone and in combination in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. Forty rabbits were randomly segregated into control, protective and curative groups. The groups A and B received water [10 ml/kg/day] and gentamicin [I/M, 80 mg/kg/day], respectively as normal and gentamicin controls. Four hours before gentamicin nephrotoxic dose, the protective subgroups C, D and E received alpha-lipoic acid, selenium and combination [50 mg/kg/day alpha-lipoic acid and 10 mg/kg/day selenium], respectively and then continued for 20 days. Nephrotoxicity was induced in curative subgroups F, G and H with gentamicin sulphate for 9 days and from 10[th] day onwards, followed the same treatments as for protective group for 26 days. Blood urea nitrogen [BUN], creatinine and antioxidant activity [AOA] were measured in all the groups. Combination of alpha-lipoic acid [50 mg/kg/day] and selenium [10 mg/kg/day] significantly reduced BUN [58.64%] and creatinine [17.48%] in protective subgroups treated for 20 days as compared to control without affecting AOA [p<0.05]. Decrease of 82.19% BUN and 77.38% creatinine, and 46.66% increase in AOA was noted on day 26 in curative group treated with the combination of antioxidants. The combination of alpha-lipoic acid and selenium [50 mg/kg/day alpha-lipoic acid and 10 mg/kg/day selenium] was found to be effective in prevention and treatment of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity
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Oxidative stress causes the generation of reactive oxygen species [ROS] that lead to nephrotoxicity. An aminoglycoside, gentamicin, has pronounced nephrotoxic effect in humans and animals and this study was planned to observe the nephro-protective effect of antioxidants, vitamin C and Nigella sativa oil. Serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and antioxidant activity were measured as indicators of nephrotoxicity for all the groups of rabbits. Results showed that vitamin C and Nigella sativa oil both had nephro-protective effect as they lowered the values of nephrotoxicity indicators [serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and antioxidant activity] as compared to gentamicin control group values. When these two antioxidants were given as combination, they proved to have synergistic nephroprotective effect
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Zinc [Zn] plays a pivotal role in highly proliferative tissues including immune system. The long-term therapy of neoplastic and autoimmune disorders is associated with immunosuppression and myleosuppression. In the current study role of Zn on anti-Newcastle disease virus response and agranulocytes count of methotrexate and prednisolone treated rabbits. Thirty six healthy rabbits were randomly segregated into six groups [group I to VI] each containing six rabbits. Oil based Newcastle disease virus [NDV] vaccine was administered subcutaneously to rabbits of all the groups at day 0 and 21 and after one week, all the groups received Zn, [Zn + prednisolone], prednisolone, [Zn + methotrexate] methotrexate orally from day 7 to day 21, except the control. The serum antibody titer, total and differential leukocyte count were measured weekly for 6 weeks. The administration of zinc in combination with methotrexate showed same antibody titer as that of the control suggesting that Zn has ability to counteract the methotrexate-induced immunosuppression. However, Zn did not show any significant impact in combination with prednisolone [p<0.05]. The results of the present study indicate that co-administration of Zn and methotrexate is beneficial in the activity of immune system
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This study was designed to evaluate the anti diabetic effects of high dose aspirin in rabbits. In this study 40 obese rabbits were used and zero day fasting blood glucose levels were determined to establish the values before treatment for all the animals. Intravenous alloxan 150mg/ kg was given to induce diabetes in these rabbits. Rabbits having glucose level more than 200 mg/dl were considered to be diabetic. Before starting the various therapies blood samples were collected to find the glucose levels. Misoprostol [200 [ig] was given orally before and during the therapy to minimize the gastric side effects of Aspirin high doses. Study was designed for 15 days and rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups according to the therapies assigned: Group A was diabetic control and received placebo orally. Group B received Glibenclamide [l0mg/kg] orally. Group C was given Aspirin in low dose [50mg/kg] orally. Group D received Aspirin in high dose [120mg/kg] orally. Serum glucose was estimated by enzymatic end point kit method manufactured by Randox UK. One-way analysis of variance [ANOVA] was applied by using SPSS 16 version and P value < 0.05 was considered as significant. Zero day fasting serum blood glucose values were determined after diabetes had been induced. At the end of study the reduction in fasting blood glucose level was maximum with glibenclamide 56.31% as compared to low dose aspirin 14.49% and high dose aspirin 23.91%. High dose aspirin resulted in significant reduction in fasting blood glucose level due to enhanced insulin sensitivity. High dose salicylates [120mg/kg aspirin] inhibit IKK [3 activity, and reverse hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinemia by sensitizing insulin signalling. Although high dose aspirin could not be used for treatment of type 2 diabetes, on the basis of findings of this study it is suggested that IKK [3 pathway may represent a new approach for treating this disease. This study provides a novel approach in drug design to treat hyperglycemias in obese diabetic rabbits
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This study was designed to evaluate the antihyperlipidemic effects of high dose aspirin in obese hyperlipedemic rabbits. Forty obese Rabbits were used in this study. These rabbits were made hyperlipedemic by injecting 150mg/kg of Intravenous alloxan. Blood samples were collected to find the lipid profile before starting the various therapies. Rabbits were divided randomly into 4 groups [10 each], Misoprostol [200 micro g] orally was given before and during the therapy whereas the therapies assigned to different groups for 15 days were as follows: Group A was hyperlipedemic control and received placebo orally. Group B received Glibenclamide [10mg/kg] orally. Group C was given Aspirin low dose [50mg/kg] orally. Group D received Aspirin high dose [120mg/kg] orally. Serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL levels were estimated by enzymatic and point kits method manufactured by Randox UK. One-way analysis of variance [ANOVA] was applied by using SPSS 16 version and P value was